Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Management - Essay Example The procedures then again requests familiarity with the economic situations and stock volatilities to choose the speculation techniques so as to expand the profits. Since chance in ventures is unavoidable, the administration of portfolio assists with moderating the hazard with fitting speculation techniques. The different speculation systems for development of a portfolio are given underneath. Enhancement The interest in resources is portrayed by hazard and return. These are two sorts of hazard, specifically the efficient hazard and the unsystematic hazard. The methodical dangers are the dangers that show up because of vulnerabilities in the economic situation. The unsystematic dangers are because of the change of the exhibition of individual organizations. The expansion methodology is utilized in portfolio interests so as to decrease the unsystematic hazard. Through the development of a portfolio containing speculations on a wide scope of benefits lessen the danger of the general po rtfolio because of positive and negative impacts of the individual resources. The expansion procedure assists with acquiring ideal return through enhancement of hazard. ... stematic showcase hazard couldn't be relieved, the utilization of non-corresponding resources assists with decreasing the general danger of the portfolio with the streamlining of profits. Jump Puts and other Option The utilization of Put choices and the Long Term Equity Anticipation protections are elective speculation techniques embraced by the speculator. There might be situations where the profits of the portfolio have expanded in brief timeframe and is probably going to fall because of market instability. Be that as it may, there might be expectations of future ascent of profits. The goal behind appropriation of this technique is to make sure about the better yields got and simultaneously not pull back from the situation of venture. The utilization of Put choices empowers the speculator to go into an agreement of selling the security at a specific cost on a future date. Therefore the speculator could clutch their ventures without permitting the additions accomplished to be exhaus ted. The LEAP Puts are utilized as long haul speculation techniques with a similar goal. Stop Losses This is another venture system so as to shield the portfolio from the danger of fall in the estimation of offers. The utilization of stop misfortunes implies that the stock would be consequently sold if the cost of the offer tumbles to the pre-fixed estimation of stop misfortunes. The utilization of stop misfortunes sells the low performing shares and gives a drive to the financial specialist to interest in shares that could supplant the sold offer in the portfolio. Profits The utilization of data on profit installments by the organizations structure some portion of the speculation procedures. Particularly in instances of market downturn, the data on profit is utilized by hazard unwilling speculators and an imperative to support their portfolio. The profits paid by the organizations are deciphered by the speculators as markers of solid

Technology Essay Writing - Crutch Or an Enemy?

Technology Essay Writing - Crutch Or an Enemy?The major problem with technology essay writing is the writer does not understand what they are writing about, and they can only articulate their thoughts using the technology as a crutch. When technology is used in essay writing it only takes away from the actual author's writing ability.Whenever you see a new technology being used as a crutch it is important to ask yourself what the technology does, why is it being used, and how does it actually make someone's life better. Technology is used all the time to help people and most times the person being helped does not understand the use of the technology. It might seem like an easy solution, but then you take a look at the end result and you are left wondering why the crutch is being used in the first place.Essay writing is very important and it should be treated as such. The only way a writer will be able to make the point of the essay she is writing is if she does not limit her imaginat ion. By limiting her imagination she will make her essay seem like an afterthought, and then all of the effort goes to waste.In order to do well in essay writing it is important to be creative. By being creative you will be able to write an essay that makes the reader want to go back and read it a second time. By being creative you will also come up with interesting ideas that you would not have thought of on your own. After all the goal of a good essay is to leave the reader thinking, and if you don't leave them thinking then what is the point of writing the essay?Technology essay writing is a crutch that should be taken off of the writer's list of things to write about. The essay will lose its quality because it will turn into just another thing the writer has to write about. It will also look like nothing more than an essay as it is written. Technology essay writing can turn a serious essay into something that looks like just another homework assignment for college.The essay will end up looking unoriginal and boring because it doesn't have anything interesting to say. For example, if the essay had a thesis statement and the writer wrote an argument to support that statement they would be giving an original point to the reader. That is something no one else could have said and it makes for a good essay.Essays should only give a person a viewpoint on a certain topic. Essays should also point out reasons why they are right and why they are wrong. By stating these reasons they will gain the reader's attention and they will begin to read the essay in a different light.If the essay starts to bore the reader, it is a sure sign that the writer is holding back. Therefore the essay should be challenging enough to keep the reader's interest while still allowing them to read about the subject. Technology essay writing should always be a writer's last resort, and never a first choice.

What Kind Of Challenges Is Faced By Organizations These Days What Are

What Kind Of Challenges Is Faced By Organizations These Days What Are What Kind Of Challenges Is Faced By Organizations These Days What Are Those Challenges That Have â€" Case Study Example > What Kind Of Challenges Is Faced By Organizations These Days? What Are Those Challenges That Have Been Passed Down To HRD? Abstract This research paper explores a case study of challenges faced by contemporary organisations consequent to the globalisation changes of modern business set ups. The paper establishes that the concept of globalisation is having its impact not just to business operations but even in the day to day management of those organisations. As detailed in the paper, globalisation has presented great challenges to organisations, especially in the human relations management arm. This presents an interesting point to note, that as organisations change to reflect globalisation traits, the most changes and challenges are felt by the Human Relations Management (HRM) function of that organisation, where it is forced to transform. A case in point is Lenovo, the third largest Personal Computer maker and distributor in the world, which recently went global after acquiring the IBM’s Personal Computing division. 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000Globalisation has thus stretched the requirements of the HRD to include some of the diversity, dynamism, integrative and strategic challenges never before experienced in corporate management. This paper highlights five of these challenges noted in Lenovo namely, the demand for work force diversity, demand for dynamic management styles; demand for continued human resource development, demand for social integration and finally demand for dynamic and flexible organisation structures. The challenges are explained and contextualised on realistic organisation settings. Table of ContentsTitle Page1Abstract2Table of Contents3Introduction4Scope and Objectives of the Study7Theoretical Framework9A Brief on Lenovo 12Literature Review12Major Findings 17Demand for Work Force Diversity 17 Demand for Dynamic Management Styles19 Demand for Continued Human Resource Development20 Demand fo r Social Integration21 Demand for Dynamic and Flexible Organisation Structures 22Conclusion25References27IntroductionGlobalisation is the ongoing process of interlinking societies culturally, technologically and politically into a singular community without the spatial limitations of geographic borders, regions, tribes and governments (Kawachi Wamala, 2007). It is the process of linking the world through assimilation of cultures, economies and people across the vastness of the world just as if the world was one ‘village’, the global village. This is happening via the use of information technology, precisely the internet, to make education, business, entertainment etc, universally available irrespective of where an individual resides in the globe (Kawachi Wamala, 2007). For instance, one can today take a course from a university in New York, whether he or she is in New York, Cape Town, New Delhi or Copenhagen similarly via the internet (Page Valone, 2007). The internet is no t the only way that globalisation is being achieved. Globalisation of business has also been instrumental in the creation of a global village (Kawachi Wamala, 2007). Businesses are going global in their areas of operations such that the traditional prescription of locality where a business defined its market or territory using geographical borders is no longer tenable. A small business in Seattle is today competing for the global market via the World Wide Web with a mega corporation in Osaka (Kawachi Wamala, 2007). An organisation headquartered in London is running operations in the Bahamas, just as if it was another branch in the neighbourhood. That is the essence of globalisation, proper (Kawachi Wamala, 2007). Yet, the concept of globalisation is having its impact not just to business operations but even in the day to day management of those organisations (Kawachi Wamala, 2007). For instance, organisation communication, both internal and external, has taken a totally new fo rm. Managers are monitoring and communicating with supervisors and supervisors with the junior workers through the internet and other modern forms of wireless communication, from any point in the globe (Fusher et al, 1999). A lawyer may have a conference with his firm partners in Washington via video conferencing while processing documents for a client in the Ukraine as he waits to attend a pre-trial briefing in Frankfurt. The organisations in modern day setting have outgrown the limits of office space and territorial jurisdiction (Kawachi Wamala, 2007).

Mental Health, Social Work, And Psychology - 1559 Words

I was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder roughly six years ago. Even though the disorder has posed numerous challenges, having anxiety has facilitated in clarifying numerous aspects of my life. Having anxiety and having to visit countless different psychiatrists and psychologists made me recognize that not every professional in the field cares genuinely about mental health and the people that struggle with it. I know I can truly assist and guide individuals through the hurdles of mental illness by attending the Silver School of Social Work program at New York University. Coming to Rutgers University for my undergraduate studies has only solidified my deep love for the subjects of mental health, social work, and psychology. The courses I†¦show more content†¦In April of 2014, as a junior at Rutgers, I received an offer to work at Trenton Psychiatric Hospital. This was my first directly clinical occupation and it was the ideal place to study and further my understanding of men tal illness and its effect on individuals. At Trenton Psychiatric, I was a Human Services Assistant who was responsible for providing and maintaining a therapeutic environment for all patients. I also assisted with admission, treatment, discharge, and community adjustment in regards to the patients. Working at Trenton Psychiatric Hospital for a year and a half made my love for helping people develop even further. I established genuine relationships with the patients and was fulfilled when they grew towards the recovery they deserved. Currently, I am working as a Field Researcher at the Douglass Developmental Disabilities Center at Rutgers University. This center is a publicly operated program for both children and adults diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. At the DDDC, I use Applied Behavioral Analysis to observe and collect data about the students in the program. I also assist with data coding, data management, running assessments, and working hands on with the students. Worki ng at the DDDC has made me understand and appreciate even further the hard work and dedication that certain people in the field put into their clients to help them succeed. Also, I am currently employed as a Mental Health Counselor at a group home entitled Earth House.

Socrates versus Nelson Mandela Essay - 1723 Words

As an Athenian philosopher, Socrates spent his life in constant pursuit of insight. He loved engaging in conversations that helped him derive philosophical views on a number of different issues. The birth of ideas through critical reasoning can be credited back to his method of teaching, which is now known as the Socratic Method. Although widely respected today, many of his teachings were found controversial in Athenian times. Socrates was placed on trial and put to death soon after because of the disapproval of his ideas. Even with the anticipation of death linguring in his path, Socrates remained composed and curious. During his defense, he made it clear that death was nothing to fear, but rather an accepted inevitability of†¦show more content†¦Socrates, in skepticism, began a search for those with a reputation of wisdom. After studying men and their knowledge, he reasoned that the only true wisdom consists in knowing that you know nothing. Although one may have extensive understanding in one area, there is way too much knowledge in the world to be contained by one man. Socrates stated, â€Å"I found that the men most in repute were all but the most foolish, and that some inferior men were really wiser and better† (Plato, 23). Those who believed that they knew it all could not be more ignorant, and those who admitted ignorance achieved the highest wisdom attainable on earth. Socrates accepted the idea that he, just like all men, contained very little or no wisdom at all. He was content with knowing this, and upon meeting others that lacked this philosophy, felt he was superior to them. He was unsure of the limitations the afterlife had on wisdom, but he was aware of it’s constraints on earth. This self awareness is what gifted him with the highest sense of enlightenment. With such a positive outlook on death, Socrates also developed a philosophy on suicide. When Cebes came to Socrates and suggested suicide, he protested the idea. Although he did accept that death in some cases may be better than life, he did not think that man was in the position to makeShow MoreRelatedA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 Pagesincompetency was deemed to be the reason for the football sides slide of losses and failure to reach the 1998 World Cup finals. 3.11 In diverse regions of the world, it is a political truism that football garners popular support. In 1996, Nelson Mandela was at the national stadium to celebrate the victory of the first, multi-racial South African side against Tunisia in the finals of the African Nations Cup. At the 1996 edition of the European Nations Championship in England, the anti-immigrantRead MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Communication11225 Words   |  45 Pagessymbol of water as a sign of life or purity, as in the ritual washing in religious ceremonies. Likewise, people sometimes serve as symbolic signs, such as Adolph Hitler being considered as a face of hatred, Mother Teresa as a face of compassion, or Nelson Mandela or Malcolm X as faces of human struggle for dignity. An index points to something beyond itself. It is an indicator, such as words like big and arrows. An index also is sometimes called a natural sign because the relationship between the wordRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDeveloping subordinates Processing paperwork Planning and goal setting STUDY ⠝  RESPONDENTS †¢ FOCUS ⠝  Luthans, Rosenkrantz, and Hennessey (1985) †¢ 52 managers in 3 organizations †¢ Participant observation of skills demonstrated by most effective versus least effective managers ⠝  Curtis, Winsor, and Stephens (1989) †¢ 428 members of the American Society of Personnel Administrators in the United States †¢ (1) Skills needed to obtain employment †¢ (2) Skills important for successful job performance †¢

Application of 2-D gas chromatography for environmental analysis Free Essays

string(96) " own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type\." Abstract The conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC) compared to a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) which provides the highest capacity, improved resolution and many of sensitivity. Additionally, it was create two-dimensional structure chromatogram, which is the proof of assistance in the composite class. Samples can often be minimized or even eliminated in some cases for the practice, as technology provides excellent separation power. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of 2-D gas chromatography for environmental analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now All these benefits make GC?GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GC?GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earth’s surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the world’s ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment. By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Results obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GC?GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GC?GC separation with the increased power resulting in a successful demo nstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GC?GC–TOF MS versus 1D-GC–TOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC?GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GC?GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GC?GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GC?GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GC?GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For example, GC?GC de tector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Fig. 2 A block diagram of a GC?GC system. Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GC?GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. You read "Application of 2-D gas chromatography for environmental analysis" in category "Essay examples" For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GC?GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GC?GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GC?GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GC?GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GC?GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GC?GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GC?GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GC?GC has the great potential for water pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earth’s freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises â€Å"hillock† [20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to â€Å"unsolution complex mixture† at present [21]. GC?GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GC?GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GC?GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxides’ degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GC?GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GC?GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GC?GC provided â€Å"cleanly† the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier. Fig. 3. Extracted ion GC?GC–TOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GC?GC for to the environment pollutant’s analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistance’s extraction to the complex sample’s high resolution analysis provides to GC?GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GC?GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GC?GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition sample’s trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrix’s PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GC?GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GC?GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) – GC?GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GC?GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GC?GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GC?GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrix’s PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone – and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GC?GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually dra ws back, the centrifuge process to enter GC?GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver sample’s analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GC?GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GC?GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GC?GC, GC?GC the performance is unified (GC?GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GC?GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compound’s proof is possible. Fig. 4 GC?GC–ECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp person’s blood serum extraction’s 15 pesticide’s foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GC?GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutant’s proof and the quantification [35]. But GC?GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs . GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GC?GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GC?GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GC?GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GC?GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pollutant m any other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular material’s exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GC?GC-FID and GC?GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GC?GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identification’s compound and 100,000. GC?GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GC?GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GC?GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensate’s basic score’s MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GC?GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GC?GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GC?GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GC?GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GC?GC system’s commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GC?GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1–19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490–500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19–S24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503–511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. J Chromatogr A. 1983, 279:173–187. 8. Duinker JC, Schultz DE, Petrick G. Mar Pollut Bull. 1998, 19:19–25. 9. Storr-Hansen E. Int J Environ Anal Chem.1991, 43:253–266. 10. Silvis LD, Kapila S, Yan Q, Elseewi AA. J Chromatogr A.1994, 688:221–230. 11. Schurig V, Reich S. Chirality. 1998, 10:425–429. 12. Liem DAK. Trends Anal Chem. 1999, 18:499–507. 13. Giddings JC. Anal Chem. 1984, 6:1258A–1270A. 14. Liu Z, Phillips JB. J Chromatogr Sci.1991, 29:227–231. 15. Hyotylainen T, Kallio M, Hartonen K, Jussila M, Palonen S, Riekkola M-L. Anal Chem. 2002, 74:4441–4446. 16. Kristenson EM, Korytar P, Danielsson C, Kallio M, Brandt M, Makela J, Vreuls RJJ, Beens J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:65–77. 17. Arey JS, Nelson RK, Xu L, Reddy CM. Anal Chem. 2005, 77:7172–7182. 18. Gaines RB, Ledford EB, Stuart JD. J Microcol Sep. 1998, 10:597–604. 19. Beens J, Dalluge J, Adahchour M, Vreuls JJR, Brinkman UATh. J Microcol Sep. 2001, 13:134–140. 20. Blumer M, Souza G, Sass J. Mar Biol. 1970, 5:195–202. 21. Frysinger GS, Gaines RB, Xu L, Reddy CM. Environ Sci Technol. 2003, 37:653–1662. 22. Mueller SO. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004, 378:582–587. 23. Ieda T, Horii Y, Petrick G, Yamashita N, Ochiai N, Kannan K. Environ Sci Technol. 2005, 39:7202–7207. 24. Moeder M, Martin C, Schlosser D, Harynuk J, Gorecki T. J Chromatogr A. 2006, 1107:233–239. 25. Morales-Munoz S, Vreuls RJJ, Luque de Castro MD. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:122–127. 26. Cavagnino D, Magni P, Zilioli G, Trestianu S. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:211–220. 27. Ong R, Lundstedt S, Haglund P, Marriott P. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:221–232. 28. Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM. Environmental organic chemistry, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ. 2003. 29. Korytar P, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2002, 958:203–218. 30. Haglund P, Harju M, Ong R, Marriott P. J Microcol Sep. 2001, 13:306–311. 31. Danielsson C, Wiberg K, Korytar P, Bergek S, Brinkman UATh, Haglund P. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:61–70. 32. Focant J-F, Reiner EJ, MacPherson K, Kolic T, Sjodin A, Patterson DG Jr, Reese SL, Dorman FL, Cochran J. Talanta. 2004, 63:1231–1240. 33. Liu Z, Sirimanne SR, Patterson DG Jr, Needham LL. Anal Chem. 1994, 66:3086–3092. 34. Dimandja J-M, Grainger J, Patterson DG Jr, Turner WE, Needham LL. J Exp Anal Environ Epidem. 2000, 10:761–768. 35. Focant J-F, Sjodin A, Turner WE, Patterson DG Jr. Anal Chem. 2004, 76:6313–6320. 36. Dalluge J, van Rijn M, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2002, 965:207–217. 37. Korytar P, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:29–44. 38. Fowler D, Coyle M, Ashmore MR, Bower J, Williams ML, Smith R, Dollard GJ, Lee DS, Jenkin M, Stedman JR, Cox RA, Derwent RG, Harrison RM, Hewitt CN, Maynard RL, Penkett SA, Weston KJ, Woods PJ, Burgess RA, Anderson R. Fourth Report of the Oxidants Review Group 75-104. UK Department of the Environment, Transport and Regions, London. 1997. 39. WHO. Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. World Health Organization, Bonn. 2003. 40. Welthagen W, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:233–249. 41. Kallio M, Hyotilainen T, Lehtonen M, Jussila ML, Hartonen K, Shimmo M, Riekkola M-L. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:251– 260. 42. Schnelle-Kreis J, Welthagen W, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. J Sep Sci. 2005, 28:1648–1657. 43. Dalluge J, van Stee LLP, Xu X, Williams J, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A.2002, 974:169–184. 44. Lu X, Zhao M, Kong H, Cai J, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. J Chromatogr A. 2004, 1043:265–273. 45. Lu X, Zhao M, Cai J, Kong H, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. J Sep Sci. 2004, 27:101–109. 46. Lu X, Cai J, Zhao M, Kong H, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. Anal Chem. 2004, 74:4441–4451. How to cite Application of 2-D gas chromatography for environmental analysis, Essay examples

To what extent is language necessary for thought Essay Example For Students

To what extent is language necessary for thought? Essay We call it a car instead of an engine driving the wheels with a body attached to carry passengers, to make it easier for us to transfer the thought within our mind and to others. Also, by calling it a car, we have differentiated the object from a train or a bike, both being other types of transportation. Again, our world is divided into pieces so the human mind can understand it bit by bit. From seeing a car to measuring the temperature, language offers an explanation to our experiences and is a powerful tool to help us think. We will write a custom essay on To what extent is language necessary for thought? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now All the labels within any language have a role in the way we, as human beings, think and process our experiences. With the direct control that languages possess over thoughts, a person could easily control other disciplines to their advantage. However, not only words and labels themselves have an influence on our minds but the way they are said can have an influence of how we identify people. Once one learns language, it is difficult to think complex or abstract thoughts without somehow relating to language. Immediate sensory input that is recognized by the brain still constitutes thought, but is not interpreted linguistically until shortly after, however, babies are born with photographic memories until they learn language. They soak up input like a sponge; while all sensory information is useful to them, sight is the most useful tool for learning, and concepts are understood visually until the capacity for language starts to form. Conclusion To this end Language can be concluded to be power due to its influence on all areas of knowledge. A Philosopher, Ludwig Wittgenstein states that â€Å"the limit of language is the limit of knowledge†. From Ludwig statement, it can be deduced that language is power since it is significant in every areas of development because it plays large role for basic awareness of each development areas. So with all things considered, language is a lot more powerful than we think. Without it, we would not be able to handle any thought. Through the direct link between our thoughts and our language, we can be extremely influenced by the usage of labels and their sounds. Through such things as limiting ones vocabulary or using ambiguity, one can effectively control other disciplines. An important thing to realize is that by understanding the power of language, we can learn how to use it more effectively and we can reduce its influence on our thoughts. Human kinds quest for knowledge is only limited by our language and its ability to control what we can and cannot know. We need language to think and interpret everything we experience and to put it into perspective.

Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Mcleod Bethune essays

Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Mcleod Bethune essays Contrast the careers of Ida B. Wells-Barnett Both women were fighting in different ways for justice. Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, organizer, and political activist and organized groups to support black women and children. She believed that education was the road to progress. She organized the first African American girls school in Daytona Beach, Florida. She led blacks to register to vote as well as founded and joined organizations and associations such as the Florida Fellowship of Colored Women, National Association of Colored Women, National Council of Negro Women and so many more. She focused on educating the black community especially women and helping them to rise above the oppression. Ida B. Wells-Barnett focused her fight for justice in another area. She was a big anti-lynching crusader. She challenged the Jim Crow Laws in Tennessee, wrote newspaper articles criticizing the educational resources available to African American children, and in 1892 after three of her friends were lynched she began her anti-lynching crusade. She wrote articles against lynching which caused for her office at the newspaper to be destroyed. However, this did not stop her she continued writing articles at the New York Age, lectured and organized anti-lynching societies, and traveled great distances to speak out against lynching. However, even though both women were fighting for justice they were still hindered by the social limitations of sexism and racism, by the continual division of women/men and blacks/whites. In the writings of bell hooks, she emphasizes that feminism, racism, and sexism are always going to over lap one another and that you cannot separate these battles. In the introduction of Killing Rage, she talks about how women are not listened to when it comes to talking about race and how that topic of conversation is considered to be a mans turf. This is ver ...

Where Does Your Writing Reside

Where Does Your Writing Reside Is it time for you to apply to that writers residency? Do it. Apply to half a dozen of them. Theres a huge number of options out there, from a week in Colorado to a month in Spain. A few of the best resources are: artistcommunities.org resartis.org/en/residencies/ http://ratemyartistresidency.com A good portion of residencies are for visual artists. But writers, and musicians, too, are usually included in the definition of artist. As well we should be, so keep an eye open. And know this: as a writer you want to go to a residency with artists and musicians, and vice versa. We are all navigating the vast oceans of creativity, and roping our rafts and dinghies and barges together is the best way to sail, if only for a while. This is where inspiration can come from, a gathering of unique and passionate people making friends, making tea, making art. There is serendipitous collision, complimentary growth, and unexpected collaboration. Not surprisingly, the top residencies are free. You pay your travel costs, possibly your food, and sometimes nothing more. If you can get accepted to the Vermont Arts Center, good on you! But the smaller residencies that require a fee are still going to give you the chance to be somewhere unique for far less than the cost of a vacation. You can find financial assistance all over the web, in addition to crowdfunding. creative-capital.org transartists.org/funding Oftentimes, the residency itself will help you find grants or benefactors to pay your fees. Whats more, most residencies are not only thrilled but determined to facilitate public readings, radio interviews, and mixed media openings that will help you promote and sell your work during your residency period. At the same time, you will be cohabiting with and working alongside the most incredible human beings you will ever meet. They will be interested in what you are creating, and your network will grow in fun, fulfilling, life-altering ways. Quite possibly, you will find yourself engaged in elaborate late night conversations about anything from smoked eggplant to abstract painting to

Counselling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Counselling - Essay Example This approach is not a formal exalted theory, but as the name says, a different approach that has proved to be useful and more effective. It honours the need to talk, communicate and understand self of the individual in need of therapy and stands on the basis that individual's need is more important than that of the counsellor, because counsellor, after all, is a mere supporter, or a prop up, and not the main hero of the drama. It establishes the human trust in basic values, principles and desire to improve in harmony with the rest of the world. "Rogers is holistic in his thinking, tending to look at the complete organism in order to understand and explain behaviour. He believes that humans are innately good and that they are growth orientated. Phenomenological understands individual perception of reality. Determinism, cause and effect relationships in having freedom, the organism has an actualising tendency" This approach depends on the assumption that given the proper circumstances and understanding, a person is capable of finding solutions for his inner problems and nothing could be a longer lasting cure. The main theory under which the Person centred counselling works is that the patient is fully capable of handling his problems and monitoring his future growth. It believes that the main authority here is not the psychologist, but the patient himself and counselling goes on according to the patient's observations about himself. It believes that all people might not have had a highly favourable condition to develop, grow and manage their lives and might feel stifled, or might have developed a very difficult, punishing self identity that might not be easy to maintain at all times and under all circumstances. When personal experiences are not conducive with the self identity of the person, psychological problems occur because the individual is unable to cope with the experiences and sti ll maintain the personal identity to which he has become accustomed to, or of which he had a certain self confidence and pride. The self-concept of the person clashes with the experiences he is going through and this might make the self-worth plummet down in his opinion and acceptance might become difficult. His judgement of his self-worth gets shaken because he cannot feel comfortable with it any more, as its fundamental base has not been firm recently. Explaining his Theory of Personality, Carl Rogers says: "In endeavouring to order our perceptions of the individual as he appears in therapy, a theory of the development of personality, and of the dynamics of behaviour, has been constructed," (Kirschenbaum and Henderson, 1990. p.244). The essence of person centred counselling is the meeting and understanding between counsellor and his patient. Undoubtedly, it is very hard to establish a complete and unquestionable understanding and this is considered to be one of the most difficult types of counselling, but with perhaps the best results. It forces the counsellor to be authentic, supportive, empathic and mainly non-judgemental. It has three core conditions that would contribute a lot to the therapeutic change: 1. Unconditional positive regard. 2. Empathic Understanding. 3. Congruence. With

Tremors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tremors - Assignment Example The only thing that remains unchanged in this condition is amplitude. On the other hand, tremors can be described in various ways. There are four distinctive forms of tremors including rest tremor, intention tremor, chorea, and athetosis. The various forms are grouped based on characteristic moment or the situation of occurrence (Abdo et al., 2010). The resting tremor is identified with various characteristics. It can be perfectly noticed when the affected body part is not in motion and when there is no influence of gravity. The other notable thing is that this type of tremor usually disappears during voluntary actions (Abdo et al., 2010). The tremor may also be activated through eye closure or distraction. In some cases, the tremor is observed in the arm when the affected person is walking. The other characteristic is that this type of tremor can be extremely focal (Abdo et al., 2010). The other type of tremor is intention tremor. The tremor occurs through controlled movements. The main characteristic of this tremor is that its amplitude increases wi th time in the movement until the anticipated target is reached (Abdo et al., 2010). It is easily noticed in patients as they engage in various forms of movements. On the other hand, chorea is characterized by random movements. The movements are involuntary and experience some form of interruption. The random movement is as a result of the difference in timing, duration, direction, or the anatomic location (Fung & Wong, 2012). Such random movements may occur from one muscle to the other, in the neck, face, and tongue. The other form of tremor is athetosis. It is described as slow, uninterrupted, and involuntary movement that hinders continuance of a normal posture (Fung & Wong, 2012). The movements are usually smooth and the flow is not interrupted at any stage. The assessment and diagnostic tools used in evaluating a patient are

The Defense of Henry Sweet :: Essays Papers

The Defense of Henry Sweet For this assignment, I found a speech that was given by a famous defense attorney named Clarence Darrow. This speech is his closing remarks to the all-white jury in defense of a black man named Henry Sweet. The trial took place in Detroit, Michigan in May of 1926. Henry Sweet was accused of first-degree murder. I chose this text for my paper because it had more persuasive techniques in it than anything else I came across. Which is to be expected, because after all, the whole purpose of the speech was to persuade the jury. One of the techniques that this speech has an abundance of is the use of purr words. Darrow referred to the jury numerous times as being the â€Å"kindly†, â€Å"decent†, and â€Å"most humane† people of the society. He referred to the jury selection process by saying, â€Å"it took us a week to find you, a week of culling out the prejudice and hatred. Probably we did not cull it all out at that, but we took the best and the fairest that we could find.† The question that immediately came to my mind when I read that was, â€Å"best† and â€Å"fairest† of what/who? There were many instances like these throughout the speech. Darrow also made use of labels in the same way. By saying to the jury that he believed they were fair, just, and unprejudiced, he was trying to program them to overlook the fact that the defendant was black, (which, of course, was a very big deal back then†¦especially to the all-white jury). Darrow said at one point, â€Å"†¦ you know that if white men had been fighting their way against colored men, nobody would have dreamed of prosecution. And that from the beginning of this case to the end†¦ the prosecution is based on race prejudice and nothing else.† He based his whole speech on prejudice (and an argument against it) and the labels that he gave the jury were just one of many ways he did this. Darrow also referred to Henry Sweet as a â€Å"boy† on numerous occasions. Sweet was a grown man, but by labeling him as a boy, it made him seem more innocent and faultless to his audience.

Explain and Evaluate Two Approaches to Explaining Moral Development Essay

Moral development is what we consider to be right, wrong, good or bad. It is developed from infancy through to adulthood and is the principles we use to determine what is right or wrong, fair or unfair. Each individual has their own understanding of what morality is, however generally this is determined largely by the culture or society we live in and the rules that we conform to within this society. In psychology there are many theories around the beliefs of moral development, and how morality is developed from childhood to adulthood. The reason for the different theories is due to the methods, ways of study adopted by the psychologists to study human behaviour. These theories allow us to compare and gives us the opportunity to take into consideration all views and ideas and not to settle for just one argument or approach around this subject. (http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/97420082403.pdf) The aim of this assignment is look at the two different approaches to moral development, firstly the cognitive explanation to moral development by Jean Piaget. Then moving on to the social learning theory, and Bandura’s contribution to how morality develops. Criticisms of these theories will be discussed and evaluations based on the two studies will be made. Piaget was the first psychologist to study cognitive development in children. His work dates back to 1932 and his findings stated that morality develops through childhood and adolescence. He believed that children pass through different levels of morality according to their cognitive development. Piaget conducted a number of experiments and from these tests concluded that children up to the age of three or four could not make moral judgements as they were not able to understand rules at this age. He stated, if the children were unable to understand the rules and that they were breaking then they were unable to make moral judgements. He believed that once children could understand the rules, and that they were breaking them then this was the age that moral development began. From his research, this started at the age of about eight years old. Woods B, (2004 pg.72) Piaget believed that moral development in children of this age takes place in two stages. Stage one- heterononmous morality described as morality imposed from outside. This is when children see the rules as been made by parents, teachers or God and that they are unchangeable. Morality at this stage is based on moral punishment, you do something wrong and you will be punished. This stage is described by Piaget as the pre-operational stage of development where the child is only able to make his judgement based on the consequence of the action. The second stage- Autonomous morality described as morality which is based on the child’s own rules is apparent when the child is able to decentre and distinguish the intent behind the action along with the consequence of the action. It is the stage at which children are able to understand that rules are flexible to change and according to the situation. Woods B, (2004 pg.72) From Piagets experiments he was able to conclude that morality is based on the amount of cognitive development, how intelligent one is. The strengths of Piaget’s theory are that whilst conducting his experiments he did focus on children alone as learners. He contributed hugely to our understanding of education and believed that this was the key to saving our society. Piaget’s moral theory was described by his experiment with children that involved rules whilst playing a game of marbles. Children under the age of five showed they had no rules, children aged between ages 5-10 saw the rules as fixed and children 10 and above realised the rules and also adopted them by mutual consent. Moral dilemmas were also presented to children by Piaget to develop his theory further. He gave children a pair of stories where there first child deliberately caused a small amount of damage due to his actions. The second child caused much more damage but his actions were a result of an accident. Piaget asked the children to describe which character deserved to be punished in his attempt to understand children’s reasoning in their answers. His conclusion from his experiment was that younger children focused more on consequences, whilst the older ones took into consideration intent. From Piaget’s theory we have a greater understanding on the influence of mental processes on behaviour, we have greater understanding on perception and thinking. Along with the above, Piagets theory has had practical benefits such learning skills to improve memory and improving problem solving skills. Dwyer D & Charles C (2006 pg318) Both of the above experiments have been criticised. Other theorists have claimed that games of marbles do not represent a child’s entire perception of morality. Piaget’s use of moral dilemmas has also been criticised. It has been claimed that younger children only focused on consequences because the story was narrated, however the results may not have been the same if the stories were watched on video. Younger children may have been better able to consider intentions if they were. Other theorists conducting similar research found that, although younger children had some conception of intent, they still preferred to judge in terms of consequences because they found this easier. Piaget’s theory has also been criticised to be culture specific. It has been said that it is based on moral universals. It has been claimed that the moral development of children in non western cultures may differ from that of the children Piaget investigated. (http://everything2.com/title/ Piaget%2527s+theory+of+moral+development) Critics of Piaget’s theory have also stated that his research was not very scientific, that his findings were biased as he worked alone. Researchers conducting scientific experiments need to have two or more observers; Piaget observed and noted his findings alone. He was criticised for making generalisations with his findings by being culture specific and not taking into account background, tradition and upbringing of each child. An example of this is using clinical interviews to study the thinking of children. His sample size was criticised for being too small and did not give much consideration to social understanding. Due to all the criticisms above regarding Piagets work we can evaluate his theory as weak hence leading to errors in his conclusions. Haralambos M & Rice D. (pg 522). Social learning theory approach to moral development is based on the idea that moral development happens as a result of observing and imitation. Albert Bandura 1977 studied this concept and came up with findings that concluded that children learn through recognition, reward and punishment. Social learning theorist, focus particularly on observational learning, imitation, recognition and reward. Woods B, (2004 pg. 126) Bandura conducted a number of experiments observing children’s behaviour towards an inflatable doll also called a Bobo doll. The children were separated into groups and the first watched an adult behaving aggressively towards this blown up inflatable doll. This was the aggressive model conditioning. The second group of children, the adult played with the other toys and was the non aggressive model condition. Along with a control group, which included children from the group who had witnessed an adult being violent and aggressive towards the Bobo doll. This group was then left in a room with a number of toys but not allowed to play with them in an attempt to build up the children’s frustration. The children were later left in a room and results were noted. The children who witnessed the adult being aggressive towards the Bobo doll imitated this behaviour and those from the non aggressive model displayed lower levels of aggression and violence, hence showing that children learn through imitation. (http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/bobo-doll-experiment.htm) Bandura also believed that children learn from their social environment, this he believed provides models of behaviour and expectations of appropriate behaviour. He believed that children learn through observation, imitation and reinforcement which are all closely linked. Woods B, (2004 pg. 126) Along with Piaget’s theory, Bandura’s theory also has its criticisms. Bandura’s social learning theory takes into consideration cognitive learning but concentrates more upon the idea that morality is developed through positive reinforcement, imitation and the social environment. Woods B, (2004 pg. 71) When evaluating Bandura’s, experiment in attempt to understanding moral development, it is important to point out that the experiments were conducted in a laboratory and hence the results may not be true in the real world. Critics have also pointed out that there may be selection bias as the children in the experiment were all from the same socio economic background, making the results invalid and not true to society. The long term effect of this experiment is not known as the results were noted immediately, and the reality is very different to an experiment. Even though the children displayed violent behaviour towards the doll this does not prove that they would be violent towards another person. The children could also have demonstrated this behaviour to please the adult, again making the findings of this experiment inaccurate. (http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/bobo-doll-experiment.htm) The aim of this essay was to explain and evaluate Piaget and Bandura’s theory. Both the theorists have contributed to understanding of moral development in today’s society and both equally face criticisms to their work. The main aspects that have been pointed out and open to attack are that both Bandura and Piaget have given little consideration to feelings, culture and religious beliefs. There sample was small not allowing general conclusions and findings to be widely acceptable. There experiments have been attacked for not being scientific. They failed to recognise that moral development has different content and meaning in different cultures and moral judgement is hugely influenced by society’s common law and traditions. Parents role and child nourishment are vital in how children and adolescents develop morally. Both Piaget and Bandura failed to take these important points into consideration when conducting their research. Piaget has studied cognitive development and his contributions are invaluable in the development of today education and the human development theory. Bandura looked more at social learning model one is amongst one of the most influential psychologists of our time. (http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/97420082403.pdf)

A Research On Genetic Engineering - 2106 Words

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The great advances in knowledge are beginning to allow genetic manipulation of human beings to eliminate hereditary illnesses or perhaps in the not so distant future to modi fy the human species. And of course on this horizon appear from the various sectors multitude of voices appealing to an ethereal ethics warn us of the terrible dangers to modify our sacred DNA but why do not we do it? According to Cole Turner the author of Design And Destiny: Jewish And Christian Perspectives On Human Germline Modification, we do not want to modify it is because â€Å"the fear that parents, merely by knowing they have the option to design the child they want, will forget howShow MoreRelatedA Research On Genetic Engineering2006 Words   |  9 PagesMichael Hrisstov 11/1/2014 Research Paper Genetic Engineering 1. Introduction Ever wish you could eat pizza and have the same nutrients as fruits or vegetables? Food is something that affects every person on this planet, in more ways than we think. Recent discoveries show that we may be able to eat that slice of pizza and maintain our health. A concept known as genetic engineering has the ability to make foods taste better, increase their nutritional value, and even help solve some of the deadliestRead MoreGenetic Engineering Research Paper1341 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the past three decades, scientists have learned how to mix and match characteristics among unrelated creatures by moving genes from one creature to another. This is called â€Å"genetic engineering.† Genetic Engineering is prematurely applied to food production. There are estimates that food output must increase by 60 percent over the next 25 years to keep up with demand. Thus, the result of scientist genetically altering plants for more consumption. The two most common methodsRead MoreA Research On Genetic Engineering1407 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Engineering is all about genes, which are made of DNA; the chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms. It is a very broad term that covers a range of techniques that allow for the artificial addition, deletion or rearrangement of sequences of bases in DNA in order to alter the observable form and function of an organism. (Science Group, 2014). G enetic Engineering was first discovered in the 1970s when scientist discovered how toRead MoreA Research On Genetic Engineering1111 Words   |  5 Pages Genetic Engineering in Humans Andrew Pickard English 122, Semester 1 Mrs. D. Seymour December 19, 2014 Genetic Engineering in Humans I. Insecurity and Disappointments A. Identity Crisis B. The Injury C. Elite Development Program / Re-injury II. Royal Canadian Leadership Camp A. Application B. Black Sheep C. Inspiring Words III. Volunteer Experiences / Inspiring Events A. Steve Nash Youth Basketball B. We Day C. Literacy Mentor Pickard 1 Andrew Pickard Mrs. D. Seymour EnglishRead MoreGenetic Engineering Research Paper1584 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering Explain how this technology works. Genetic engineering otherwise called genetic modification and can basically be described as the ‘direct manipulation of an organism’s genome’ which is the complete set of genetic material of an animal, plant or other living thing. This direct manipulation works by using modern DNA technology. This ‘involves the introduction of foreign DNA also known as synthetic genes into the organism of interest’ or curiousity. Genetic engineering does notRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering1042 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering is using molecular biology methods to modify the genetic information of an organism. Its aims include learning about the biology of an organism and generating new or improved commercial products. Plant biotechnology is manipulating plants specifically to improve agricultural needs. GMOs or genetically modified organisms are organisms modified by genetic engineering to express desirable traits. DNA fragments containing said desirable traits and a means of introducing the DNA toRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Field Of Biomedical Research1710 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering is the latest experimental practice used in the world of biomedical research. This practice refers to humans modifying an animals’ genetic component in order to express a particular trait (Dale et al). The scientific community calls the animals produced by this practice as tra nsgenic animals in order to distinguish between its wild type relative. This innovative technology paved ways for medical breakthroughs, along with the expansion of human understanding towards the mechanismsRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering1735 Words   |  7 Pages Genetic Engineering is a fairly new science field that is used to change the genes that can be located inside of a cell, but it brings many problems along with it. Genes give an individual or species a certain set of traits that can determine its appearance on the inside and outside. The genes can be moved between same or even different types of species. This can completely change an organism’s looks or even allow the scientists to create a whole new type of animal. The animal would then beRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic engineering is a straight use of an organism s genome by the use of biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted into the hos t genome by first and copying the genetic material of interest by the use molecular emulating methods to create a DNA order, or by producing the DNA, and then injecting this concept into the host organism. I think in the future 50 years, the use of hormones can enable the production of higher quality carcasses, and increases the rate of muscle development (Bruce, D., BruceRead MoreAre Studies in Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Research Beneficial?1637 Words   |  7 Pagesof advancements have been made from things such as medicine to something basic as a cell phone. One of the most unacknowledged yet productive methods that has become a possibility and surpasses our expectations is the process of genetic engineering and stem cell research. These studies have proven to be a beneficial part to the way people could live and how they could approach life-threatening diseases. When similar studies are first discussed and publicized they appear to not only be impossible